Alba (A) These elegant plants thrive even under difficult cultural conditions, producing gorgeous
bouquets with rich perfume and spring bloomers.
AARS: All-America Rose an association of commercial rose growers and sellers that sponsors a
nationwide program of rose trial each year.
Anti-transpirant: A spray, usually water based, that when applied to the canes and leaves of a rose
bush will keep it from dehydrating. Oil based sprays might burn foliage during the growing season.
Antique rose: A casual term used to describe old roses. Old garden roses after 1867.
ARS: American Rose Society, PO Box 30,000, Shreveport, LA 71130. An association of over
20,000 rose enthusiasts, dues include a subscription to The American Rose magazine.
Asexual reproduction: 1. Reproduction by cloning. 2. The means by which hybrid roses are
reproduced through either budding or growing a cutting on its own roots.
Balling: The inability of a bud to open into a bloom because excess moisture has caused the petals
to stick together.
Bareroot: Any plant presented in a dormant state without soil on its roots.
Basal break: vigorous new shoots that emerge directly from the Bud Union. That part of the rose
that should be spared when pruning at the expense of older, less vigorous growth.
Blackspot: Disease caused by the fungus Marssonina rosae that manifests itself during warm,
humid weather. Symptoms start as black spots on the leaves.
Blind shoot: A stem that fails to develop a bud, often in response to low light and temperature
levels.
Bordeaux mixture: A mixture of copper sulfate, lime and water used as a fungicide to control
downy mildew and other fungal diseases.
Bud (Flower): The swollen portion at the end of a stem that will mature into a flower.
Bud eye: The swollen area found near the union of the leaf with the stem that will grow into a new
stem.
Bud union: The swollen area at the top of the shank from which new canes (basal breaks)
emerge.
Budding: A means of propagating a hybrid rose in which a bud eye of one rose is inserted under
the bark of a rootstock so that the vigor of the roots will cause the budeye to grow.
Budwood: Mature or semi-mature stems harvested as a source of bud eyes for new propagation.
Calyx: The group of tough outer petals that protect the bud before it opens. Individually these
petals are called sepals.
Cane: The supportive branches of a rose bush. Canes are distinguished from stems in that they
have hardened and have greater caliper.
Climbing Rose: The name given to the climbing form of a bush rose, roses originate in a climbing
form.
CLuster-flowered rose: The name used to describe the roses that are floribundas.
Cornell Formula: A fungicide mixture made of household ingredients: baking soda, vinegar,
water, and vegetable oil.
Cultivar (aka: variety): A cultivated variety selected for propagation based on specific
characteristics, such as form, fragrance, color, disease resistance. Wild or species roses are not
cultivars.
David Austin: The contemporary British Hybridizer who originated the English Rose class.
Deadhead: A means of encouraging a faster repeat of bloom by removal of the spent blooms just
above a 5 leaflet set.
Disbud: The propagation of a larger individual bloom by the removal of young sidebuds or the
propagation of a larger spray by the removal of a central, dominant bud.
Double Rose: A rose form comprised of more than 24 petals.
Dr. Huey (aka: Huey): The dominant rootstock of the American garden rose trade.
English Rose: A new class of roses in which the repeat blooming habits of modern roses are
combined with the form and fragrance of old garden roses.
Epsom Salts: Magnesium sulfate. When used as a fertilizer, Epsom salts provides a ready source
of magnesium, which serves as the hub of the chlorophyll molecule.
Exhibition Rose: A rose that is recognized for its ability to produce classically shaped blooms atop
long stems of clean foliage for display in competitions.
5-Leaflet Set: Looking down the stem from the bud, a cut just above the first 5-leaflet set is the
point at which a spent bloom should be removed-as in dead heading.
Floribunda (aka: Cluster-flowering) A class of moder roses in which the blooms are presented in
clusters.
Fungicide: A spray intended to control the growth of roses diseases like mildew, rust and
blackspot.
Gallica: The oldest class of garden roses, Gallicas were cultivated in Roman and Greek times.
Great for hardiness, one-blooming, compact shrubs.
Grade 1, 1 1/2, 2: A grading system for field grown roses. #1 is 3 canes, #1 1/2 is 2 canes and #2
at least one cane.
Grandiflora: A modern class of roses, similar to the Hybrid tea, in which clusters of high centered
blooms are presented atop f tall bush.
Ground cover Rose: A rose with a prostrate habit that can be used for bedding
Hips: The pod of seeds that may develop if a spent bloom is not removed.
Hybrid: The progeny of genetically different parents.
Hybrid musk: A modern class of roses with an old fashioned look that trace their origin to Rev.
Joseph Pemberton (1850-1926) of Essex, England. Musk roses have long, arching canes.
Hybrid perpetual: An old class of roses that dominated during the Victorian and Edwardian eras
with over 1000 cultivars.
Hybrid Tea: The first modern class of roses. The form is high-centered bloom of the Tea on the
long, straight stem.
Hybridize: The act of creating a new rose cultivar by selectively fertilizing one rose with the pollen
of another in the hopes that the progeny will carry some of the traits of each.
Landscape Rose: Any rose that will fit into the garden landscape as a low maintenance shrub or
ground cover.
Large-Flowered Climber: A climbing rose that originated as such rather than sporting from a bush
form. Climber without bush form.
Mme: The abbreviation for the French word Madame (translating to Mrs. in English).
Manetti: A Noisette introduced in 1835 that is commonly used in America as a rootstock for the
production of greenhouse and some garden roses.
Miniature Rose: A class of roses originally from China roses that are diminutive in size.
Mildew: Fungal diseases of roses. Powdery mildew manifests itself as a white growth on new
leaves. Downy mildew manifests itself as purple-black blotches on stems.
Mites: Tiny members of the arachnid (spider) family that colonize on the underside of rose leaves.
Mites can defoliate a entire bush rapidly.
Mons: The abbreviation in French for Monsieur (translating to Mr. in English).
Mosaic (aka: Rose Mosaic virus): Symptoms include yellow veins or light ring spots in leaves. Can
only be transmitted by the budding of infected stock and that there is little risk of transmitting it by
pruning. Over watering is often mistaken for mosaic as they have similar symptoms.
Mulch: The application of compost or other organic material to the soil for the purpose of
reducing evaporation, fertilizing, or weed suppression.
Multiflora: Derived from Rosa multiflora, a hardy rootstock commonly used in colder climates.
Noisette: A old class of largely climbing roses that originated around 1800 in South Carolina. They
have long slender canes and thrive in warm to hot climates.
Old Garden Rose: (aka: OGR): Defined by the American Rose Society as being a member of a rose
class that existed prior to the introduction of the first Hybrid La France, in 1867.
Once-blooming: (aka: Summer-flowering): A rose that has one annual bloom over an extended
period in late spring or early summer. Most Species and many old garden roses are once
blooming. Most modern roses are not.
Own-root: A rose that is grown directly on its own roots rather than by budding onto a rootstock.
In severe winter areas, own-root roses offer the advantage of being able to regenerate true to name
directly form their roots.
Patented Rose: A rose for which unlicensed propagation is prohibited for a period of up to 25 years
under federal regulations.
Patio rose: (American) A miniature tree rose of 18" to 24" in height. (European) A class of roses
that fits between miniatures and double flowered (Floribunda) roses in size.
Photosynthesis: The fundamental process of life on Earth, in which plants convert water, carbon
dioxide and sunlight into sugars.
Pillar Rose: the use of a rose vertically on a narrow support the best specimens for pillar roses are
those that will bloom along the length of their stems.
pH: The measure of alkalinity or acidity on a 14-point scale. A pH of 7.0 is neutral. pH over than
7.0 represents increasing acidity. pH higher than 7.0 represents increasing alkalinity. The ideal pH
for rose gardens is 6.5 (slightly acidic).
Pistil: The female organ of a flower, comprised of the stigma, style and ovary.
Pollen: The yellow, dust-lie male cells produced by another flower.
Pollen parent: The source of pollen for a hybrid rose.
Polyantha: A class of roses by Jean Baptiste Guillot from crosses between climbing varieties of R.
Multiflora and the repeat-flowering China Old Blush. Polyanthas present their delicate flowers in
sprays well above there foliage.
Portland: An old class of roses that became popular after 18700 largely because of its ability to
bloom repeatedly, a rare trait among European roses at the item. They have fragrant blooms on
straight stems directly atop their foliage.
Pruners: An essential tool for the Rosarians. The best design is the Bypass Pruner which has two
blades that cut like scissors. The Anvil Pruner uses a flat plate to push the cane against a single
blade, which often results in crushed canes.
Quartered Rose: A rose form in which the petals appear to be pinched into four quarters.
Rambler: A climbing rose, generally of multiflora origin, that presents clusters of small blooms on
long, slender canes.
Root stock: A variety whose vigorous roots are used as the foundation for a budded rose. The use
of rootstock's allows varieties that would not grow on their own roots to be propagated
commercially.
Rugosa: Derivatives of the hardy Japanese species, R. Rugosa, that are recognized for their deeply
veined leaves
Rust: A fungal disease that is recognized by orange-red patches on leaves.
Seed Parent: The female parent of a hybrid rose that receives the pollen.
Semi-Double Rose: A rose form of 12 to 24 petals.
Shank: The straight portion of rose bush between the canes and roots.
Shrub rose: Any rose that presents its blooms close to the foliage and is well suited for unattended
use in the landscape.
Single Rose: A rose comprised of a single ring of petals, generally numbering 5 to 12 petals.
Shade Rose: The Roses need 6 or more hours of sun, but some roses are tolerant of shade but this
means open shade.
Shovel-prune: After heaping abundant patience on an unsatisfactory rose, the means by which one
renders a final opinion of it s performance. Removing the rose bush to be replaced by another.
Species Rose: A native (wild) rose that will reproduce tre from seed. Species roses will start with
the name Rosa followed by a word. Only a few hundred species roses exist.
Sport: A spontaneous mutation that generates a new rose. Climbing roses are sports of bush roses.
Other common sports include changes in color and petal count. Some sports are stable to start a
new rose.
Spray (aka: inflorescence): The presentation of blooms in clusters that originate at a single stem.
Spreader-sticker: An additive for sprays that increases their effectiveness by enabling the drops to
flow more evenly across the foliage and to stay in place.
Stamon: The male portion of a flower's reproductive system, comprised of a filament that holds
the pollen.
Stigma: The female portion of the flower that receives pollen grains for fertilization.
Sweat-out: A technique used to encourage stubborn bushes out of dormancy by placing a plastic
bag around the canes. The effect is to create a miniature greenhouse that holds in moisture and
warmth.
Substance: The amount of starch in the cells of a rose petal; roses with more substance will last
longer in the vase.
Sucker: Stems that grow spontaneously from the roots of a budded or own-root rose, generally in
an unwanted manner. If left in place, the rose you are growing will die due to sucker plant is
rootstock taking over the roots.
Tree Rose: A garden specimen created by budding a rose atop a stem of 36" to 48".
Weeping Tree: A tree rose comprised of a 48" to 96" stem grafted to a head of a rose with a lax
habit. The result is that the long canes cascade outward and down.
Wild Rose: Synonym for Species Rose.
Winterize: The protection of one's garden from winter dehydration and late spring frosts by the
use of heavy mulch, rose cones, etc.
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